Principles and Limitations of Converting Vibration to Electricity with Piezoelectric Devices The vibration energy we encounter in everyday life is often dissipated and lost. However, with piezoelectric elements , it is possible to convert such vibrations into electricity to power electronic devices. This article explores the working principles of piezoelectric devices, their applications, and their real-world limitations. Principle of Piezoelectric Devices Piezoelectric devices use the phenomenon called the piezoelectric effect , in which a voltage is generated when a material with a specific crystal structure is subjected to mechanical force (compression, bending, vibration, etc.). Conversely, when voltage is applied, the material deforms—this is known as the inverse piezoelectric effect . In energy harvesting, the direct effect is used to convert vibration into electrical energy. Electricity Conversion Process External vibration or pressure is applied to the piezoelectric d...